Industrialising Less Developed Countries Essay examples

This essay intends to address the argument that Less Developed Countries (LDCs) cannot achieve the level of development of the Developed Countries (DCs) unless they undergo a process of industrialisation. In proposing a case in favour of this argument the industrialisation experiences of the Latin American and Asian regions will be investigated, with specific regard to the role of state intervention throughout this process. Conclusions will be drawn from these cases, specifically that through the process of industrialisation LDCs can achieve the levels of development of the DCs and this inference will be supported through the analysis of Human Development Index (HDI) rankings and scores for 2010. The focus of this essay will be on†¦show more content†¦Thus within the context of this developing international division of labour it was the Developed Countries (DCs), the core states and first capitalists, who gained the development upper hand, beginning their process of industrialisation during the mercantile period of European expansion. The endeavour to embark on industrialisation for the LDCs however did not progress sufficiently until after the end of the Second World War, a period in which dependency theorists argued the case that the cause of underdevelopment within these LDCs was a consequence of the colonial capitalist legacy of a distorted structure of economy and society, that is the peripheral economy and society which was theorised to produce overall economic stagnation and mass poverty (Hoogvelt 1997, p. 38-40). The two processes of industrialisation that this essay will address are Import-Substitution Industrialisation (IS) and Export-Orientated Industrialisation (EOI). For advocates of ISI, the industrialisation process will occur when â€Å"given the existence of already industrialised and highly productive economies (the North [DCs]), theShow MoreRelatedWho Are The Most Important Actors Of The Global Political Economy?1446 Words   |  6 Pagespost-war years through to the 70s benefited developed and less developed economies alike. In the late 1960s however, when the US economy encountered increasing problems due to their commitment to a fixed exchange rate which constrained their ability to have policy options at a time when inflation was being fuelled by high levels of government expenditure, domestically on social programs and internationally in the Vietnam War. While, the issue of instability developed even further during the Nixon AdministrationRead MoreExamine reasons for changes in pattern of world development1153 Words   |  5 Pagespatterns have been reversed; Asia led by economies such as India have introduced new nomenclature such as newly and recently industrialising countries while S. America has followed close behind. Today it is Africa or more precisely Sub-Saharran Africa which has stagnated developmentally or in some cases even reversed in some countries. Thios can be seen by looking at two countries – India and Uganda. In 1960 Uganda had a GDP/cap of $789 and a life expectancy of 44 years. India in comparrison was $654Read MoreAdvantages And Advantages Of Bioenergy And Solar Energy993 Words   |  4 Pagesspreading renewable energy in the specific countries will be described. Bioenergy is a renewable energy which is obtained by combusting the biomass. It is also called ‘biomass energy’. Biomass is one of alternative sources, which consists of different materials such as trees, construction wood, sewage sludge, manure, and farm waste including cornhusks, peanut shells, leaves and so on (Ischenko et al, 2007). Ischenko et al (2007) claim that biomass releases less carbon dioxide than fossil fuel. In theRead MoreExplaining the Term Urbanisation Essay1208 Words   |  5 PagesExplaining the Term Urbanisation Urbanisation is the process in which the number of people living in cities increases compared with the number of people living in rural areas. A country is considered to be urbanised when over 50% of its population lives in urban places. In the UK the movement of people from rural to urban areas followed the industrial revolution as people were needed to work in the factories in the CBD. It took place throughout the 19th and Early 20thRead MoreSoviet Union : The Soviet Revolution1091 Words   |  5 Pagesagreed to issues associating with transforming Russia into a communist country. With the country not sufficiently capitalist, difficulties were impending transforming into a socialist and consequently truly communist country. This suggests the transition to communism meant industrialisation on an enormous scale. Stalin’s race to industrialise, driven by the Marxist theory; the ideology of a true proletariat country to be developed will only serve successful if Russia transforms into a modern industrialisedRead MoreThe Incompatibility Between Economic Sustainability And Ecological Sustainability1714 Words   |  7 Pagesproduction. Within a developing nature, low income earning individuals constitute as a majority of the population. As the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations observed, in comparison to a developed nation specifically in food productio n, ‘for every one farmer in the developed world there are 19 in the developing work’ . As a result of this, there is an increased opportunity for wage discrimination and inequality. Increased income inequality leads to worsened ‘environmental indicatorsRead MoreGlobal North And The Global South1959 Words   |  8 Pagesnorth and south are fairly divisive with many countries developing towards being a member of the north, it also fails to perfectly fit the north south divide on the map, as many Eastern bloc countries, who are geographically north, feature in the global south (Theiren, 2010, p726). In addition to this many of the countries that today find themselves in the global south, used to be part of the global North’s empire, and so have strong ties with these countries. Despite the difficulties in having a perfectRead MoreManufacturing Sector in India1909 Words   |  8 Pagesactivities such as manufacturing and services. The importance of the role of manufacturing (industrial sector) in absorbing surplus labour from agriculture sector has also been proved by the development experience of many developed countries and lately in various South East Asian countries. This makes manufacturing extremely important for India, where agriculture constitutes a minor share of GDP, but accounts for a disproportionately large share in employment. In recent years though India has notRead MoreThe Bolshevik Of The Soviet Revolution1936 Words   |  8 PagesLenin’s efforts in socialist construction.† In order to create this society they; formed a new socialist government; introduced the ‘first stage’ of communism- state capitalism; issued a decree on land as promised in their manifesto and focused on industrialising and collectivising in order to facilitate a socialist state. However, problems which may cause failure in the creation of a socialist state include the civil war for slowing down progress, the introduction of the NEP- (a revert back to capitalismRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Foreign Direct Investment Essay1810 Words   |  8 PagesDirect Investment with particular reference to any one low-income country of your choice. Foreign Direct investment is an increasingly important outlet for resource transfers between industrial and developing nations. According to the world bank, FDI is a form of investment occurring when a business enterprise operates, has control or obtains a substantial degree of influence on the management of an enterprise in another country (generally 10% of voting stock). (The World Bank, 2016) Foreign direct

The Development Of Cosmetic Surgery - 1556 Words

Otoplasty. Rhinoplasty. Liposuction: adults are not the only ones resulting to plastic surgery to maintain or enhance their appearance. Many people are riveted by the fact that at the age of fifteen years old, Jen Selter had plastic surgery because of her â€Å"large† nose (Victoria). Caitlin Clemons, age eighteen, had surgical breast augmentation in order to â€Å"fulfill† her self- esteem (Victoria). These cases are what have shifted natural beauty to the idea that reflection is everything. The development of cosmetic surgery has evolved from the need to repair gross deformities to changing perfectly normal appearances. In today’s society, the priority is placed on the ability to appear youthful and vibrant. The phenomenon urged by the media is expressing that if a female is not young, beautiful, or the ‘correct’ weight, then they are deemed socially unacceptable. Teens face a great deal of stress to keep up with society’s definition of â₠¬Å"attractive†, and they are constantly bombarded with images of unrealistic men and women who are held as the social norms. Needless cosmetic surgery for young, developing women is misleading girls to have a false sense of identity, to risk their lives, and to have a continuous stereotype of the â€Å"idealized† woman. When understanding plastic surgery, general knowledge is needed in order to interpret its basic concepts. â€Å"Plastic surgery is surgery that deals with sculpting, molding, and reshaping the body in order to improve a patient’s self- imageShow MoreRelatedPorter s Five Forces Model1539 Words   |  7 PagesPorter s Five Forces Model Introduction The cosmetic industry is influenced by a wide range of factors that affect market growth and profits for businesses. The cosmetic industry has continued to record a substantial strong growth over the years and developed as one of the industries holding the highest potential for further development and growth. The market characteristics can reduce or increase the chances of success for new market entrants (Porter, 2008). Using Porter’s five forces model, businessesRead MoreThe Pitfalls of Cosmetic Surgery Essay1569 Words   |  7 PagesCosmetic surgery has become increasingly more popular. However, many are unsatisfied with their results. Debra Dunn decided to have cosmetic surgery to fix a bump she had on her nose as a result of a childhood injury. After having two nose jobs and spending thousands of dollars, she was so dissatisfied with her results that she was embarrassed when she left the house and avoided mirrors. When she ventured out in public, she hid behind her hair. Although doctors tried convincing her that her noseRead MoreSpeech Outline On The Perils Of Cosmetic Surgery Essay1230 Words   |  5 PagesCMST 110 13 October 2016 Informative Speech Outline on The Perils of Cosmetic Surgery I. Introduction A. Attention Getter: â€Å"I prefer artificial beauty to natural ugliness† is a phrase that currently seems to be gaining popularity with many girls and women around the world. However, relatively few of them can comprehend the unsafe risks behind the artificial beauty. B. Introduce Topic and Significance: 1. These days, cosmetic surgery has quickly built up everywhere throughout the world. As indicatedRead MoreCosmetic Surgery Should Be Banned1167 Words   |  5 Pages‘Cosmetic surgery should be banned.’ Do you have one thing you would like to change about your appearance? I would guess the answer is yes. People nowadays, especially women, are consumed with their appearance. Many strive to conform to what society views as the ‘perfect body image’ and this can make people extremely insecure about the way they look. They think that cosmetic surgery will solve this — it doesn’t. In fact, cosmetic surgery only enhances the need to look beautiful and can lead to manyRead MoreOutline On The Perils Of Cosmetic Surgery Essay1173 Words   |  5 PagesPerils of Cosmetic Surgery Specific Purpose Statement: to inform the audience about the negative effects of cosmetic surgery. Introduction: Attention Step: â€Å"I prefer artificial beauty to natural ugliness,† is a phrase that currently seems to be gaining popularity with many girls and women around the world. However, not many of them can understand the dangerous perils behind the artificial beauty. Clarification Step: 1. Nowadays, since the number of procedures increases, cosmetic surgery has rapidlyRead MoreCosmetic Surgery : Becoming More Common817 Words   |  4 PagesKardashian, and Kylie Jenner are making cosmetic surgery the â€Å"It† thing. Cosmetic surgery should not be given to teens. Cosmetic surgery is risky and should not be used as a quick fix for self-esteem and body image. Cosmetic surgery is the procedure of enhancing the patient’s appearance. Teens seeking cosmetic surgery is becoming more common. There are certain surgeries that are common in teens that get cosmetic surgery. People believe that cosmetic surgery should be banned for people that are underRead MoreEssay on Overview of Plastic Surgery1611 Words   |  7 Pages Plastic surgery is a corrective specialty that is used for personal or medical purposes. Many people think about plastic surgery is just used for making your nose smaller or breasts bigger, when actually it is used fo r much more. For example, plastic surgery can also help someone who has gotten burned, by placing skin from another part of the body to the burn. Plastic surgery is primarily used for fixing themselves because they feel self-conscious or feel uncomfortableRead MoreWhy Cosmetic Surgery Improves Mental Health1689 Words   |  7 PagesColvin A main motivator for getting cosmetic surgery is the desire of being more satisfied with one’s own appearance and improving self-esteem. However, research has shown that this is not always the case. There have been variable results showing whether cosmetic surgery will improve psychological variables such as body image, self-esteem, and mental health. Body image specifically has been suggested to be a crucial factor in the desire to undergo cosmetic surgery. This is based off two importantRead MoreCosmetic Plastic Surgery : Cosmetic Surgery994 Words   |  4 PagesOther failures related to cosmetic plastic surgery are often linked to the use of Botox. For instance, e all know or have seen this one person who has received an excess of Botox injections and ended up having unnaturally, protruding cheeks. Although using Botox is nonsurgical, it is still classified as cosmetic plastic surgery because it restrains our muscles from carrying out any movement. Many people believe that since this process does not involve cutting through a patient’s skin, it does entailRead MoreCosmetic Surgery : Surgical And Nonsurgical Procedures1293 Words   |  6 PagesCosmetic plastic surgery is surgical and nonsurgical procedures that reshape the normal body structure in order to improve appearance and self-esteem. Some of the most common cosmetic procedures are breast augmentation, liposuction, and rhinoplasty. Individuals with a healthy mind, positive outlook, and realistic expectations are appropriate candidates for cosmetic procedures. Plastic surgery is a personal choice and should not be done to fulfill someone else’s desires or to try to fit into an ideal

Cheif Sharitarish of the Great Pawnees Free Essays

Danielle DuBroc Blake Ellis History 1301 09/22/12 Chief Sharitarish on Changes in Indian Life (Pg. 188) Chief Sharitarish, the principle chieftain of the once Great Pawnees who are a tribe that mainly hunted on the Great Plains, decided to pay a visit to the new president of the time, James Monroe. Impressed by the colonist’s ability to create beautiful buildings and large vessels, Chief Sharitarish praises them for their innovations for these creations are far from his own comprehension. We will write a custom essay sample on Cheif Sharitarish of the Great Pawnees or any similar topic only for you Order Now He thanks them for allowing him and his tribe â€Å"protection† but he mislead and directed his praise to a greater, more important being, the Great Spirit. Sharitarish praised and thanked the men, but he didn’t mean to thank them more than the Maker of Life. Here, Sharitarish begins to reveal his true objective; He wants to get the colonial men off their land and he desires peace. He believes that the Great Spirit intended them to have their differences and to live differently as well. As Native Americans, Sharitarish feels that his people were meant to roam the lands, hunt, and take scalps. He quietly suggests removal of the colonists, but he knows they will not move, so he proposes that the colonists stay off their land and in return Sharitarish will continue to trade fur with the colonists. Basically, Sharitarish makes an attempt to cooexist with the colonists. He does not intend for war or to physically fight the Americans, but he does want to preserve the land for his people, his children, and his culture. So the chieftain makes a compromise in order to try and obtain the land from the white man, while keeping the relations with the colonists relatively peaceful. How to cite Cheif Sharitarish of the Great Pawnees, Essay examples

Cherokee Survival in Early America free essay sample

Cherokee Indians history states that they were natives in the New World. They experienced years of surviving great historical events which began with Western hemisphere explorers coming to the New World bringing sickness, cultural change, and repeatedly invading the native American lands, along with the many wars they were fought in against various factions. Some archaeological evidence indicates that the Cherokee Indians may have come from Mesospheric and migrated to the north toward the Great Lakes of Michigan. It is believed that after having conflicts with in New York and Delaware tribes, they moved southeast to the Appalachian Mountains breading out thru the Carolinas, Virginia, West Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Georgia and Alabama. In the early sasss they experienced an outbreak of smallpox decreasing the tribes size Cherokee. In the later years of the 18th century the Cherokee Indians fought side by side with British government against the French in the American Revolutionary War. Soon after the war the Cherokee signed a peace treaty with the U.S. Which gave the Indians rights to their land and to their cultural beliefs. Over time the Lignite States ceded more and more of the Indians territory causing a migration of 3000 tribe embers to migrant to the Mississippi, becoming the Western Band of Cherokee Indians. In 1819 Georgia appealed the united States to remove the Cherokee from their lands in Georgia, as attempts were made the Indians retaliated with the punishment of death. In 1828 Georgia outlawed the Indians government to cede their lands.The Cherokee appealed for protection from the United States but was denied by President Andrew Jackson, under his Indian Removal Act in 1830 which gave the Indians 2 years to move out of Indian Territories in Georgia. Most opposed the idea of moving but 500 Cherokee chiefs agreed to give Georgia back their land for exchange of and for Indian Territory in Oklahoma known has the Treaty of New Echoed, 1835. Those who didnt approval of Treaty of New Echoed remained on Georgians land soon to be assassinated. Three years later thousands of federal troops came in and forced the Cherokee to relocate west to Oklahoma.Some avoiding forced removal escaped to North Carolina in the Mountains, bought land and blended in with the settlers, where they will soon bec ome the East band of Cherokee Indians. The remaining captured Indians including the Western band in Mississippi were marched west in the winter to Indian Territory of Oklahoma. This forced movement of the Indians was the beginning of the Trail of Tears Cherokee. The Trail of Tears consisted of the removal of many tribes the Cherokee, Creeks, Choctaws, Seminole and Chickasaws. The Cherokees were the last removal and suffered the most as their tribe was the largest in members.Georgia sent in their own military to run the Cherokee off their land destroying their village by ruining crops and burning their homes. Federal troops came in to control the Georgia military and round up the Cherokee to move them to camps along their journey. Soon disease spread thru the amps killing many, other ill Indians tried to make the trip, eventually the Cherokee and lost a fourth of their 14,000 member tribe (House 639-40). After the Cherokee Chief John Roses group reached their new home in Indian Territory in 1839 the Cherokees were exhausted and dispirited.Their first challenge was trying to settle in with the prior Indian settlements the Ross group noticed that the best lands for farming had been claimed. The new land was full of hills and was hard to till. The rivers were strong and flooded the area and washed out the crops. Summers brought drought and plagues of grasshoppers taking out remaining crops. The Ross group tried to merge with the other groups the Treaty Party and the Old Settlers, who voluntarily left before the forced removal. Under the New Echoed Treaty the United States was to provide rations for a year as Indians arrived with little animals and farming equipment. Rations of meat, grain, and salt were provided by contractors that the United States bayed by bidding on ration cost to feed the Indians. Distribution came in long periods of months where some went without for days. Some lived in tents and couldnt keep food fresh long enough from spoiling. Government officials werent always present to account or the amount of rations provided to the Indian and contractors would take advantage on providing low quality and quantity of food and still take their tickets to get paid.The poor families would come early in the mornings and camp out at the distribution site to get the first rations before the wealthier families arrived. Soon the Western Band Cherokees would clash with earlier settlers. John Brown the old settlers chief welcomed in the new emigrant and wanted them to follow his current government until a new election. Chief John Ross wanted all members to unite under the Eastern Cherokee overspent because it had a written constitution and detailed law of code. Ross was worried the old settlers were use to the ways of the New Echoed Treaty.He didnt want the old settlers to oversee the funds for the emigrants that would pay for removal, loss and claimed property and he wanted to renegotiate them. Most of the old settlers agreed for the Eastern government to proceed with negotiations. Later the issues of government between the three groups threatened a divide into two nations, National Party vs.. The Treaty party. The National party had a group of men gather to decide the fate f the Treaty Party as the Cherokee seen these people as traitors for signing the New Echoed Treaty for selling their land.Assumed lists of names of traitors were written down to punish those who should suffer by death. A meeting was called on July 1st to settle the peoples choice of government and at that meeting the National Party pardoned all parties in the murders of the Treaty Party. The Treaty Party was not excepting the governments ways and caused chaos for many of years rebelling John Ross came into the settlement and took over. Later seeking help from Washington protesting against JohnRoses ways Washington stepped in and cutoff the all funds to the Indians causing failure to survive and seeking for credit to buy necessities, charging up debt. For years Ross tried renegotiating the New Echoed Treaty to help his people get what they were owed to get settled. Finally the treated was resigned allowing the Indians to get money to pay off debts and start their new united nation. (Purdue and Green 141- 61) The Cherokee Nation blossomed adopting a new constitution. They built a new capital called Tattletale that was also the center of their business and park Hill which was cultural Oasis.They brought many of their cultural aspects with them their democratic government, religion, education and their trades. Producing their new bilingual publications in the territory called the Cherokee Advocate and the Cherokee Messenger that were written in Cherokee syllables. The syllables was developed by a mixed breed and uneducated Indian who wanted to do something to help his people named Sequoias. Sequoias developed a system for the uneducated Indians to be able to read and write that consist of 86 symbols that represent specific sounds that is the Cherokee engage.House 106 08) Among the conflict on the Indian Territory about who supported and opposed the removal in year earlier years the Civil War helped the cause a divide among the Five Civilized Tribes. Most supported the south due to transportation and trade the Seminole supported the north. Federal troops stayed away from the Indian Territory but the Confederates took advantage of the Indians and signed alliance treaties with most of them. Treaties that stated the Indians would fight on them and confederates would help protect the Indians and give them representation in the Congress.The Indians would soon build three regiments to fight with the Confederates, later one joined as Ross followers. Then another was formed as anti-Ross followers supporting the Union. As the Confederates and the union fought back and forth so did the Indians changing sides, voiding their treaties with the Confederates and joining the Union. Invading their home own home fighting amongst their selves destroying everything. Eventually the Indian Territory was filled with Confederate and Union deserters. Gangs formed causing more chaos and bringing violence, burning homes, schools and businesses.

Assessing the Relative Health of a Family Business.

To assess a relative health of family business, scholars and other researchers who are interested in this issue employ various criteria. Some of the criteria used rest in the fields of corporate governance, family governance, business performance, philanthropy, social responsibility, ethics and environmental sustainability. This paper will discuss these commonly used criteria in assessing the health of family business, and relate two of them to Gopher IT, which is a family business.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Assessing the Relative Health of a Family Business. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Criteria Used by Scholars and Others in the Assessment The first criterion, which can be used in assessing the health of family business, is the system of corporate governance present. As family businesses develop, the relationships between administrators, owners and workers become intricate (Ward 38). A sound corporate governance system establishes the right policies to handle this intricacy. It forms a firm organizational system that clarifies reporting lines, duties and designation of the tasks. Corporate governance detaches policy direction from the daily operation of the business, and distinguishes management from ownership. A healthy family business should have clear guidelines to choose the right family individual, in order to ascertain that management transition does not interrupt the development of the business (Aronoff 2). Prosperous family businesses emerge from years of commitment and effort. Successful family businesses pass on accumulated experience, knowledge, and skills to other family members (Davis 6). Besides, corporate governance helps in preserving family harmony. Members of a family may have disputes among themselves on the administration of the business. A firm governance structure assists in solving such disputes enabling family members to concentrate on other significant i ssues. In addition, a governance structure offers clear strategies for recruiting family or non-family members, and unbiased performance-oriented promotion is vital for the continuity of a family business (Mallin 76). Management of personnel and recruitment are key aspects in achieving the success of a family business in the long term. Lastly, corporate governance promotes open decision-making and processes that guarantee justice assessing and rewarding both non-family and family workers, in order to avoid anxiety and maintain the reputation of a company.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The second criterion, which can be used in attaining the health of a family business, is the family governance. Family governance includes the constitution, which stipulates employment and shareholding terms, as well as governance institutions (Rouvinez 56). Institutions of family governance aid in reinforcing family harmony and building strong relationships with its company. Family institutions augment the links of communication amid the family and its company, and also give chances for family members to discuss issues that can be linked to the family business, through letting members of the family gather under planned structures (Fishman 74; Rouvinez 56). These structured activities assist in enhancing understanding, and promote consensus among members of the family. Family members must be well-versed in the activities and intention of any institutions of family governance. Also, it is essential to ascertain that family members can differentiate the functions of such institutions and the governing units of the business, including the top management and the board of directors (Abouzaid 37). This may be realized through developing written processes for such institutions, and distributing them to all the members of the family. Some family governance institutions of a fam ily business might have include family councils, meetings and retreats. Family councils offer families a medium to settle issues and reflect on position of the business and family. All the members of the family may reconnect with each other, and family matters may be discussed logically instead of being left to aggravate into more serious matters. Family retreats may be performed from two to five days at a different place. They offer a neutral arena to talk about matters regarding the family and business. The third criterion is business performance. Healthy family businesses have a performance program, which assesses and reimburses workers on how well they accomplish their tasks without reference to family knots (Fishman 78). Moreover, healthy family businesses involve workers in this process. Workers should understand the review process and its significance. They also ought to complete a self-evaluation form in regard to their strengths, weaknesses and plans of professional growth for the following years. It is also vital for the company managers to discuss the future of the employees with them. Workers who are uncertain of their prospect may not deliver well. Managers of a healthy family business also discuss the roles that they should accomplish with all the nonfamily workers (Fishman 78).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Assessing the Relative Health of a Family Business. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The fourth criterion is philanthropy. Philanthropy is a vital factor for families devoted to the business (Rouvinez 43). A healthy family business may offer meaningful employment for all the family members who are not part of its workforce. Also, it should uphold family values along generations. Charities that get established by commercial families represent a massive share of philanthropic benevolent around the globe. Family foundations also face operational and managerial choices rega rding how best to utilize their finances (Gersick 2). Some family businesses have established that in the present, intricate situation, affiliations with nongovernmental organizations or non-profits can uphold social objectives of the family. Such foundations exploit the knowledge and local existence of other institutions, especially if these are executing projects in new localities. That is why, to guarantee continual development and high performance, family foundations should merge expertise with passion and a firm assessment of its consequences. Assessment is vital as it enables the members to distribute resources efficiently. Family foundations must center their monitoring and assessment endeavors on learning and enhanced making of decisions. They should as well approach functions with the attitude of an investor reducing costs of operation and making sensible investments in planning, tactics, qualified staff, and assessment. The fifth criterion is social responsibility. Distrib uting wealth through social responsibility creates a reputation for the business (Poza 21). Money cannot assure a high social effect. Besides the monetary and operational challenges, which every charitable activity encounters, families have to handle the critical challenge of cultivating a consensus on the management of their charitable actions along the generations. Various family foundations have solved this concern through creating an open spending budget, which lets family members sponsor projects that they want. The others provide them with the chances to serve as board members or to directly contribute to charitable projects via volunteering plans and onsite visits. This system is extremely effective in ensuring the next generation gets involved in it early. The sixth criterion is wealth management. Families require strong competence for controlling their wealth outside the core holdings (Fishman 31). The wealth may exist as liquid assets, stakes in other firms or semi liquid assets. Successful wealth management assists in maintaining harmony through offering a source of money to the family together with liquidity events, and diversifying risks. For big fortunes, the most excellent solution is a wealth-management bureau serving an individual family.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A bureau of wealth-management providing services to sets of distinct families can be an alternative when individual lacks for the scale to validate the expense of a single-family bureau. A family wealth-management bureau may offer several services, which raise the possibilities of success including rigorous criteria for divestment/investment and a high degree of professionalism. The final criterion is ownership. Upholding family management or control while increasing new capital for business and gratifying the cash requirements of the family is an equation that should be dealt with because it is a key source of disagreement, especially transferring power from generation to generation (Mallin 76). Lasting family businesses standardize matters regarding ownership, such as the way shares that may be sold outside and inside the family through shareholders’ accords, which have been designed cautiously to last for over 15 years (Fishman 229). Most family businesses limit the sale o f shares in order to maintain control. Family members who want to sell their shares should offer the right of first negation to their siblings and, subsequently, to their cousins (Fishman 85). Besides, the holding usually re-buys shares from present family members. Policies of payout are typically long-lasting, in order not to de-capitalize the business. Since exit gets limited and dividends are relatively low, a number of family businesses have turned to generational liquidity dealings, to gratify the cash requirements of the family. These can assume the shape of tax of family shares to the workers or from publicly operated businesses in the investment with the earnings returning to the family. Assessment of Gopher IT Family Business The structure of Gopher IT corporate governance gets well documented in a strategic plan. It comprises policies and values of the business. It defines the roles of the key players of the family business (Sahlman 98). Employees are the in-laws, cousins and non family members who have finished school recently. However, the company’s corporate governance system lacks for clear guidelines to make a choice of the right family individual in the line of succession. Therefore, conflicts always arise in regard to the successor of the wife and husband. Hence, management transition interrupts the development of the business. Also, corporate governance is not part of the family’s culture. Gopher IT as a family business includes favoritism. Family members get employed regardless of whether they become qualified or not. There is no record that the managers have the right education to hold the managerial positions (Sahlman 98). There is also no record that managers have some experience in running the business. Consequently, the business lacks harmony as well as clear strategies for recruiting family or non-family members; thus performance-oriented promotion becomes biased. In such a case, the business does not have free decision-m aking and processes that guarantee justice in assessing and rewarding both non-family and family workers; these create anxiety in the company. Assessment of Gopher IT Family Business Family governance Gopher IT has a clear system of family governance. The business has a constitution, which stipulates employment and shareholding terms as well as governance institutions. The management of Gopher IT falls under family members, and there is also a board of directors. Membership in the board of directors is mostly reserved for the family members although it may also be given to the non-family members who can be trusted. Roles and duties are clear at Gopher IT. The owners hold more than one role in the business and have different positions as managers and directors. Laura Welch is the general manager who oversees the running of the company (Stempler 53). She handles all the purchases, opening and closing of the office every day. Jack Welch, her husband, is the Sales and Marketing Manager. He creates promotional activities, monitors sales and distributes all the marketing materials. Chris Welch, their son, is the Financial Manager. He is responsible for finance, payroll, accounting taxes, billing and matters related to budgets. The non-family managers are operations manager and human resources manager. The operations manager is in charge of daily operations. The human resources manager supervises employees, and his roles include hiring and firing of new applicants. There is a proper governance in Gopher IT to implant discipline and prevent the conflicts for the business to continue developing. The company communicates its vision, rules and regulations, decisions and ideas to all its members. However, Gopher IT lacks for family governance institutions, such as family councils, which offer a medium to settle issues and reflect on family projects. Consequently, it lacks a proper entry criterion, and family equality does not become practiced in family making business res olutions. In conclusion, after assessing Gopher IT family business, we realized that the company needs to improve its corporate governance. First, we realized that corporate governance is not a part of the family’s culture. We, also, found out that although the company’s corporate governance system has employment policies, it lacks for clear guidelines to choose the right family individual in line of succession. Again, Gopher IT, as a family business, includes favoritism. Family members become employed irrespective of their qualifications. The management is in the hands of family members. As for a board of directors, the membership there becomes reserved for the family members although it may also be given to the non-family members who can be trusted. The company shares its vision, rules and regulations, decisions and ideas with all its members. However, Gopher IT lacks family governance institutions, such as family councils, which could offer a medium to settle issues and reflect on family projects. We made these assessments using different criterions that get used, by scholars, to assess the relative health of family business. The first criterion, which we used, was the present system of corporate governance. Corporate governance detaches policy direction from the daily operation of the business, and distinguishes management from the ownership. Gopher IT lacked a sound corporate governance system, with the right policies to handle this intricacy. It lacked a firm organizational approach that clarifies reporting lines, duties and designation of the tasks. The second criterion that we considered was the family governance. The family governance includes the constitution, which stipulates employment and shareholding terms as well as governance institutions. We realized that Gopher IT lacked links of communication amid the family and its company. Therefore, it did not offer opportunities for its family members to discuss issues that became linked to the family or business through letting members of the family gather under planned structures. The third criterion that we used in this assessment was business performance. Gopher IT has a performance program, which assesses and reimburses workers on how well they accomplish their tasks regardless the family ties. Also, Gopher IT involves their workers in this process. The company ensures that workers get to understand the review process as well as its importance. Also, workers at Gopher IT complete a self-evaluation form mentioning all their strengths, weaknesses and plans of professional growth for the next year. The fourth criterion that we employed to assess Gopher IT was philanthropy. Gopher IT practiced philanthropy activities. Also, the company offers meaningful employment for the family members who are not part of its workforce. The fifth criterion that we used to assess Gopher IT was social responsibility. Gopher IT distributes wealth through social responsibility, which cr eates the reputation of the business. The company, also, can handle the critical challenge of cultivating a consensus on the management of their charitable actions along generations. The sixth criterion that we used to assess Gopher IT was wealth management. Gopher IT has strong competence in controlling the wealth of the company outside the core holdings. The wealth exists as liquid assets, stakes in other firms and semi liquid assets. Successful wealth management assists in maintaining harmony through offering a source of money to the family together with liquidity events and diversifying risk. The final criterion that we used to assess Gopher IT was ownership. Gopher IT Upholds family management, while increasing new capital for business and gratifying the cash requirements of the family. This ensures that disagreements do not occur, especially in transferring power along the generations. Hence, since Gopher IT meets most of these criteria of measurements, we can say it is a succ essful family business. Works Cited Abouzaid, Sanaa. IFC Family Business Governance Handbook. Washington DC: International Finance Corporation, 2008. The Business in Society Gateway. Web. Aronoff, Craig. Family business Succession: The Final Test of Greatness. Marietta, GA: Family Enterprise Publishers, 2003.Print. Davis, John. â€Å"The Family Business.† Harvard business Review 19.20 (2001): 6. Print. Fishman, Allen. 9 Elements of Family Business Success: a Proven Formula for Improving Leadership Relationships in Family Businesses. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2009. Print. Gersick, Kelin. Generations of Giving: Leadership and Continuity in Family Foundations. Lanham: Lexington Books, 2004. Print. Mallin, Chris. Corporate Governance. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007. Print. Rouvinez, Denise. Family Business: Key Issues. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005. Print. Sahlman, Wiiliam. â€Å"How to Sustain a Family Business.† Harvard Business Review 4.75(1997): 98-108. Pri nt. Stempler, Gerald. A Study of Succession in Family Owned Businesses. Thailand: University Microfilms International, 1988. Print. Ward, John L. â€Å"Governing Family Businesses.† Economic Perspectives 10.1 (2005): 38-42. Web. This essay on Assessing the Relative Health of a Family Business. was written and submitted by user Eden Kerr to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

History of Papermaking From Papyrus to Dixie Cups

History of Papermaking From Papyrus to Dixie Cups The word paper is derived from the name of the reedy plant papyrus, which grows abundantly along the Nile River in Egypt. However, true paper is made of pulped cellulose fibers like wood, cotton or flax. First There Was Papyrus Papyrus is made from the sliced sections of the flower stem of the papyrus plant, pressed together and dried, and then used from writing or drawing. Papyrus appeared in Egypt around 2400 B.C. Then There Was Paper A courtier named Tsai-Lun, from Lei-yang in China, was the first recorded inventor of paper circa 105 A.D. Tsai-Lun presented paper and a papermaking process to the Chinese Emperor and that was noted in the imperial court records. There may have been papermaking in China earlier than the above date, but inventor Tsai-Lun did much for the spread of papermaking technology in China. Chinese Papermaking The ancient Chinese first made paper in the following fashion. Plant fibers such as hemp were soaked and beaten into a sludgeThe sludge was strained through a cloth sieve attached to a frame that also served as a drying platform for the resulting paper Newsprint Charles Fenerty of Halifax made the first paper from wood pulp (newsprint) in 1838. Charles Fenerty was helping a local paper mill maintain an adequate supply of rags to make paper when he succeeded in making paper from wood pulp. He neglected to patent his invention and others did patent papermaking processes based on wood fiber. Corrugated Papermaking - Cardboard In 1856, Englishmen, Healey and Allen, received a patent for the first corrugated or pleated paper. The paper was used to line mens tall hats. American, Robert Gair promptly invented the corrugated cardboard box in 1870. These were pre-cut flat pieces manufactured in bulk that opened up and folded into boxes. On December 20, 1871, Albert Jones of New York NY, patented a stronger corrugated paper (cardboard) used as a shipping material for bottles and glass lanterns. In 1874, G. Smyth built the first single sided corrugated board making machine. Also in 1874, Oliver Long improved upon the Jones patent and invented a lined corrugated cardboard. Paper Bags The first recorded historical reference to grocery paper bags was made in 1630. The use of paper sacks only really started to take off during the Industrial Revolution: between 1700 and 1800. Margaret Knight (1838-1914) was an employee in a paper bag factory when she invented a new machine part to make square bottoms for paper bags. Paper bags had been more like envelopes before. Knight can be considered the mother of the grocery bag, she founded the Eastern Paper Bag Company in 1870. On February 20, 1872, Luther Crowell also patented a machine that manufactured paper bags. Paper Plates Paper foodservice disposables products were first made at the beginning of the 20th century. The paper plate was the first single-use foodservice product invented in 1904. Dixie Cups Hugh Moore was an inventor who owned a paper cup factory, located next door to the Dixie Doll Company. The word Dixie was printed on the doll companys front door. Moore saw the word every day, which reminded him of dixies, the ten-dollar bank notes from a New Orleans bank that had the French word dix printed on the face of the bill. The bank had a great reputation in the early 1800s. Moore decided that dixies was a great name. After getting permission from his neighbor to use the name, he renamed his paper cups Dixie Cups. It should be mentioned that Moores paper cups first invented in 1908 were originally called health cups and replaced the single repeat-use metal cup that had been used with water fountains.

Business Crime Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Business Crime - Case Study Example Before proceeding to the topic of Christies Ltd. and business crime, it is important to understand how and why the Theft Act 1968 came into existence. This Act was original for it was the first British legislation, which the dealings of criminal law accessible to all citizens and not just limited to attorneys. An article from bbc.co.uk (2001) tells this history: Before 1968, theft and other, similar, offences were governed by a mass of conflicting legislation and common law and was over-complex. Before 1968, if 'ownership' passed by means of deception, the offence was 'obtaining by false pretences'. If 'possession' was passed, the offence was 'larcency by a trick'. Other offences existed, including 'larcency by a servant', 'fraudulent conversion' and 'embezzlement'. It had reached the point where it was harder to discover which crime the accused may have committed rather than whether or not the accused was guilty. The 1968 Theft Act, as well as the 1971 Criminal Damage Act, did much to overcome this problem. All previous theft legislation and common law were overruled, resulting in the creation of the first codified definition of law in England and Wales.... codified definition of law in England and Wales. Understanding the history of the Act allows one to understand why it was and still is needed. Now we shall begin the discussion of Christies Ltd. The situations at hand and the topic of this piece of writing are now presented: Business Crime--Christies Ltd 4 Phil Jackson has approached David asking for a higher salary, as he believes he is underpaid. David refuses. Phil then decides to augment his salary in a number of ways:(A) Phil decides to open a flower stall at the weekend. He obtains a large selection of daffodils and tulips from the roadside and aims to sell these at 2 per bunch.(B) Phil decides to go for a drive through the countryside. He sees anunattended pick up truck loaded with live wild pheasants. Phildecides to put these into his own vehicle, intending to sell them to a local butcher.(C) Phil decides to enter the safe of Christies Ltd and look at the plans for a new "HyperScoop". He draws the design of the scoop andoffers it for sale to Scooperman Ltd, a direct competitor ofChristies Ltd. The Theft Act 1968 lists the basic definition of the word theft. According to this Act, a person is guilty of theft if "he dishonestly appropriates property belonging to another with the intention of permanently depriving the other of it; and 'theft' and 'steal shall be construed accordingly". Let us look at the term "permanently depriving" more closely in order to gain abetter understanding of theft and dishonesty. Webster's II New Riverside Dictionary(1984) defines the word permanently as "lasting